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Airbrush Troubleshooting Airbrushing comes with some inherent issues, these problems and troubleshooting them vary and can be experienced at any time no matter how experienced the user, here are a few. Bubbling in the gravity cup or suction bottle. ​ Can be caused by air pressure entering the paint reservoir. There are several reasons, most common are. ​ An air leak in the air cap or nozzle area. Solution – Tighten the loose Air Cap or Head. ​ Needle tip dry is dry and has blocked the nozzle. Solution - Clean or Replace the Tip Dry or Blocked Nozzle. ​ The air cap or head is loose. Solution – Replace worn or damaged nozzle seal. ​ The airbrush nozzle has a split. Solution – Replace the Split Nozzle. The spray pattern is off-centre . ​ Normally caused by a bent needle tip. The paint or fluid exits the airbrush and follows the bend on the tip of the needle. ​ Straighten the Needle Tip – This can be achieved with a flat sharpening stone or two pieces of 1” x 2” wood. I use a SharpenAir , which is a hand-held device designed specifically for repairing bent and damaged airbrush fluid needles. ​ Replace the Needle. Airbrush does not spray paint. ​ There are a few that can cause this, the most common are. A blocked nozzle often caused by poor cleaning. The solution for a Blocked Nozzle is to soak and clean the nozzle. ​ For a loose needle chucking nut when the needle is not moving with the trigger action. Solution - Check and tighten the needle chucking or locking the nut. ​ The paint consistency is too thick. Solution - Thin paint with appropriate thinner, reducer, water to a milky consistency. ​ Inappropriate low air pressure. Sometimes the paint can be slightly too thick, and the pressure is too low to atomize. Increase the air pressure accordingly. Airbrush sprays paint when the trigger is depressed for air. Caused because the needle is not sitting flush inside the nozzle or you have the wrong nozzle attached for the size of the needle. Otherwise, if the airbrush only sprays a blob of paint when the trigger is depressed then follow the Air On – Air Off method - first depress the trigger, then pull the trigger back for paint flow and then after spraying return the trigger forward before releasing the trigger/airflow. Shutting the paint flow off before the airflow will spray any residue paint off the tip of the needle. ​ Unscrew the needle locking nut. ​ Gradually push the needle forward until it rests inside the nozzle. ​ Tighten the needle-locking nut. Air pressure remains on when the trigger is released. Often due to many several reasons, like residue paint or solvents entering the air valve and affecting the air valve seal to swell or become sticky. A slack air valve closure or guide screw will not compress the air valve spring enough to fully return and shut off airflow. Disassemble internal air valve components and lubricate with airbrush lube and re-assemble. ​ Replace air valve seals if they appear eroded by solvents. ​ Tightening the air valve closure or guide screw will compress the air valve spring and shut off airflow. Poor spray or splattering of paint. There are several reasons, ranging from. Paint consistency. Solution - Reduce to a milky consistency. ​ Low air pressure. Increase air pressure until paint atomizes. ​ Damaged needle. Replace needle or repair using the SharpenAir device. ​ Tip dry or a partially blocked nozzle. Remove the needle and clean with a Q-Tip or cloth dampened using an airbrush cleaner (always wipe away, airbrush needles are very sharp). ​ Residue paint build-up in the needle cap, nozzle, or air cap. Clean and replace if indicated. Spray Spidering. Often caused if the paint has been over-thinned. Solution 1 - Add paint to the mix or reduce air pressure. ​ Solution 2 - Do not draw the trigger back so far or increase the distance from the surface. ​ Also, caused by spraying the paint too heavily on a non-porous surface. Solution - having the air pressure too high. Solution - Add paint to the mix or reduce air pressure.

Networking and Internet It is a computer network is a group of computers or servers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the function of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes. The interconnections between nodes are formed from a broad spectrum of telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network analysis situs. ​ Computer networks for the home and small business can be built using wired or wireless technology. In the past, a wired Ethernet has been the option is used in homes, but Wi-Fi wireless technology has improved greatly and is now commonplace. ​ Wired and wireless networks have advantages and disadvantages. They equally epitomise practical choices for home or other local area networks (LANs) and depend on the packages purchased by the user. ​ When possible, I prefer wired solutions as performance and security are better and more reliable. Wireless networks are convenient but can have performance and security issues. ​ Both have advantages and disadvantages. ​ Wireless networks allow devices to stay connected to the network but roam untethered to any wires. Access points amplify Wi-Fi signals, so a device can be far from a router but still be connected to the network. When connected to a Wi-Fi hotspot at a public place, café, hotel, airport lounge, the connection is with that business's wireless network. ​ Wired networks use cables to connect devices, such as desktop computers, laptops, or servers to access the Internet or additional network. A wired network has disadvantages when compared to a wireless network, the largest is that the device is tethered to a router. ​ Motherboards have at least one RJ-45 networking socket and some have integrated Wi-Fi adapters fitted. ​ A computer network is a collection of computers and/or hardware interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. ​ It is where a device, computer or server sends or receives data to or from another device, computer, or server in a remote location. When connected, the two devices are said to be networked. A network is a group is the sum of computers, tablets, phones, laptops, and servers that are connected. Networks are organised in a diverse group of physiognomies, such as, the method used to carry the data and communications protocols. ​ Communication protocols define the rules and data formats for swapping information in a computer network and provide the basis for network programming. Router A router is a networking device that forwards data several layer packets between computer networks, such as files, communications, and transmissions. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet, like web pages or emails, data packets, a packet is normally forwarded from one router to router through the networks that make up the Internet until it reaches its destination node. ​ Data packets have several layers, or sections, one of which carries identifying information such as sender, data type, size, and most importantly, the destination Internet protocol (IP) address. The router reads this layer, prioritizes the data, and chooses the best route to use for each transmission.

Care of Paint Brushes Paint Brush Care Always dampen brushes BEFORE use unless they are specified dry brushes. If you load a dry brush with wet colour, the colour begins to dry in the centre of the bristles down close to the ferrule. Dampening the bristles reduces paintability to dry in the centre. But do not just dip the brush into the water and then go into the colour, the moisture needs to be worked into the hair/bristles of the brush. Working the brush on the palm of your hand and forcing the moisture into the bristles helps, it also transfers some of the oil from your hand and helps to condition the brush. Following that, dab the brush on a towel to remove excess moisture before dipping into the colour. ​ Never place brushes loaded with paint aside and allow them to dry in the hair/bristles. It is better to wash the brush immediately when done using them, even if the brush is only going to be inactive for a few minutes. When rinsing brushes, it is not advisable to scrape the brush around the bottom of the cleaning jar/container. Firstly, paint pigment drops to the bottom of the container, secondly, doing this can damage the hair/bristles. Some cleaning containers have drainage sieves or coils at the bottom so that any brush washed is kept away from the pigment sediment at the bottom, but rigorous cleaning on these can still damage hair/bristles. Gently swish the brush back and forth in the bowl and allow it to brush against the sides or bottom. Brush basins with rounded, textured bottoms are perfect for aiding the process. It is good practice to change the water on a regular basis and to have separate containers to wash different paint types. Being mostly involved in model kit builds, and do a great amount of airbrushing, I only use De-Ionised water. I have washpot/rinse pots for: ​ Acrylic paints an initial wash in between paint colour changes. Acrylic paints second rinse, following finishing with a particular colour, before proper cleaning and conditioning of paintbrush before putting away. Metallics. Decal brush, Washes, or Glazes. ​ Do not leave any brush in water for extended periods because with wooden brushes the wetness can cause the handle to swell, resulting in cracking paint and unstable ends. Synthetic brush hair is glued into position, and prolonged standing in water can break down the glue making the hair loose. ​ After rinsing, brushes do not allow them to dry with the bristles/hair face upward or flat on a rack or table, as this can damage the ferrule and can possibly soften the glue them as mentioned above. Drip drying racks are plentiful, these allow users to place brushes with their bristles/hair face facing downward, allowing the moisture to drain away. After washing the brush, check to see if any colour remains in the hair by brushing across a paper towel, do not push forward, as this will damage the bristles/hair. If the colour appears on the towel, rinse again. Cleaning materials advised are: ​ Brush Paint Cleaner or Purger Brush Conditioning Soap Brush Conditioner Gel ​ When storing natural haired brushes for long periods use a brush conditioner soap to thoroughly clean them. Brush Conditioning Soap or Gel can also be used to reshape the bristles/hair and stored in this way. ​ With Brush Conditioning Soap, moisten the dip the bristles/hair and gently work the bristles/hair into the soap, rinse and when no further paint pigment is visible in the Conditioning Soap, either twist into its original shape or use a Conditioning gel to do the same. ​ When storing brushes do not store them in confined containers where the hairs can get pushed out of shape or break.

Model Building Od wielu lat buduję zestawy modeli i czułem, że często brakuje ich jakości i wyglądu. Ta strona ilustruje niektóre metody, których używam, aby przezwyciężyć te niedociągnięcia. Projektuję również i buduję układy elektroniczne do ulepszania niektórych modeli i dioram. Lubię projektować i budować zestawy modeli z dynamicznym oświetleniem, możliwe były modyfikacje dźwięku i dioramy Dodam kanał wideo, aby zilustrować, jak pracuję, obwody, które projektuję i recenzje produktów. Na przestrzeni lat używałam wielu rodzajów farb, głównie: akryle na bazie wody, farby olejne, lakiery, emalie na bazie rozpuszczalników. Każdy ma zalety i wady .

RAID Striping 0 to 4 RAID 0 Striping ​ With RAID 0 the data is written across multiple drives to improve access performance. There is no data redundancy. So, a 4Meg file would be written across 4 drives in 1Meg pieces. Because of this, the failure of one drive will render the data inaccessible, but the advantage is considerably higher throughput. RAID 1 (mirroring without parity or striping) With RAID 1 data is written identically to two drives, thereby producing a ‘mirrored set’. The read request is examined by either of the two HDDs containing the requested data, whichever one involves the least seek time plus rotational latency. ​ Similarly, a written request updates the stripes of both drives. The write performance depends on the slower of the two writes, such as, the one that involves a larger seek time and rotational latency. ​ At least two drives are required to constitute such an array. While more constituent drives may be employed, but many applications deal with a maximum of only two. The array continues to operate if at least one drive is functioning. Key: A, B, C, D, E, and F are blocks of data RAID 2 has bit-level striping with dedicated Hamming-code parity, all disk spindle rotation is synchronized, and data is striped so that each sequential bit is on a different drive. Hamming-code parity is calculated across matching bits and stored on at least one parity drive. ​ RAID 3 has byte-level striping with dedicated parity, all disk spindle rotation is synchronized and data are striped so each sequential byte is on a different drive. Parity is calculated across matching bytes and stored on a dedicated parity drive. ​ RAID 4 is block-level striping with dedicated parity and is equivalent to RAID 5 but all parity data is stored on a single drive. In this configuration files can be dispersed between multiple drives. Each drive operates independently allowing I/O requests to be performed in parallel. ​ RAID 2 is more of a theoretical system and not used in practice. But although applications for RAID 3 exist it is not commonly used in practice.

Transistors Tranzystory to urządzenia półprzewodnikowe używane do przełączania sygnałów elektronicznych, wzmacniania lub zasilania elektrycznego. Tranzystory mają fundamentalne znaczenie w nowoczesnych układach elektronicznych. Tranzystor jest wykonany z materiałów półprzewodnikowych i zwykle ma trzy zaciski do podłączenia do obwodu zewnętrznego. Napięcie lub prąd przyłożone do jednej pary zacisków tranzystora steruje prądem płynącym przez inną parę zacisków. Ponieważ kontrolowana (wyjściowa) moc może być wyższa niż sterująca (wejściowa) moc, tranzystor może wzmacniać sygnał. Obecnie niektóre tranzystory są pakowane pojedynczo, ale wiele innych jest osadzonych w układach scalonych. Symbole tranzystorów złącza bipolarnego Istnieją dwa typy tranzystorów, NPN i PNP. Wcześniejsze Tranzystor NPN ma dwa bloki z materiału półprzewodnikowego typu N i jeden blok z materiału półprzewodnikowego typu P. Tranzystor PNP ma dwie warstwy materiału typu P i jedną warstwę materiału typu N. Symbol NPN zarówno NPN, jak i PNP pokazano na poniższym rysunku. Różnica między tranzystorami NPN i PNP jest w kierunku prądu. Strzałka na powyższym schemacie wskazuje kierunek przepływu typowego prądu w emiterze z polaryzacją w przód zastosowaną na złączu emiter-podstawa. Tranzystory mają trzy zaciski, jak pokazano powyżej: Wcześniejsze Emiter Kolektor Baza Wcześniejsze Emiter - Segment emitera dostarcza dużą część nośnika ładunku. Emiter jest stale połączony naprzód w stosunku do podstawy, dostarcza ładunek masowy do bazy. Złącze emiter-baza wstawia dużą ilość nośnika ładunku większościowego do podstawy, ponieważ jest mocno zamocowany i ma średni rozmiar. Wcześniejsze Kolektor - kolektor gromadzi główny procent nośnika ładunku dostarczonego przez emiter. Połączenie kolektor-podstawa jest stale odwrócone. Jego funkcją jest usuwanie przeważających ładunków z połączenia z bazą. Segment kolektora tranzystora jest umiarkowanie zamocowany, ale ma większą masę, dzięki czemu może zbierać większość nośnika ładunku dostarczanego przez emiter. Wcześniejsze Baza - środkowa część tranzystora to podstawa. Baza tworzy dwa obwody: Obwód wejściowy z nadajnikiem. Obwód wyjściowy z kolektorem. Obwód podstawy emitera jest spolaryzowany do przodu i zapewnia niską rezystancję dla obwodu. Podczas gdy złącze kolektor-podstawa jest odwrócone i oferuje wyższą rezystancję obwodu. Baza tranzystora jest lekko unieruchomiona i niezwykle cienka, ponieważ przekazuje główny nośnik ładunku do bazy. Krzem jest zwykle używany do produkcji tranzystorów ze względu na jego wysokie napięcie znamionowe, większy prąd i mniejszą wrażliwość na temperaturę. Sekcja podstawy emitera utrzymywana w kierunku do przodu ustala prąd bazowy przepływający przez obszar bazowy. Wielkość prądu podstawowego jest niezwykle mała. Prąd bazowy powoduje, że elektrony przemieszczają się do obszaru kolektora lub tworzy dziurę w obszarze podstawy. Wcześniejsze Podstawa tranzystora jest niezwykle cienka i lekko zamocowana, dzięki czemu ma mniej elektronów w porównaniu z emiterem. Ograniczone elektrony emitera łączą się z otworem w obszarze podstawy, a pozostałe elektrony przemieszczają się w kierunku obszaru kolektora i tworzą prąd kolektora.

Capacitors Kondensator lub kondensator to pasywny, dwubiegunowy element elektryczny służący do elektrostatycznego magazynowania energii w obwodzie elektrycznym. Kondensatory różnią się znacznie, ale wszystkie zawierają co najmniej dwa przewodniki elektryczne (płytki) oddzielone izolatorem. Gdy różnica potencjałów między przewodnikami (gdy kondensator jest przymocowany do baterii), powstaje pole elektryczne na dielektryku, powodując gromadzenie się ładunku dodatniego na jednej płycie i ujemnego ładunku na drugiej płycie. Jeśli bateria była podłączona do kondensatora przez wystarczająco długi czas, przez kondensator nie może przepływać żaden prąd. Ale jeśli napięcie przyspieszające lub przemienne (AC) zostanie przyłożone do przewodów kondensatora, może płynąć prąd przesunięcia. Wcześniejsze Idealny kondensator charakteryzuje się jedną stałą wartością jego pojemności. Pojemność jest wyrażona jako stosunek ładunku elektrycznego na każdym przewodniku do różnicy potencjałów (V = napięcie) między nimi. SI (Międzynarodowy układ jednostek SI jest skrótem od francuskiego Système international (d'unités), nowoczesnej formy systemu metrycznego) Wcześniejsze Kondensator Pojemność kondensatora Pojemność jest elektrycznym aspektem kondensatora i mierzy zdolność kondensatora do przechowywania ładunku elektrycznego na jego podwójnych płytach. Jednostką pojemności jest Farad (F). Pojemność jest zdefiniowana jako taka, że kondensator ma pojemność Jednego Farada, gdy ładunek Jednego Kulomba jest przechowywany na płytach pod napięciem jednego wolta. Pojemność (C) ma stale dodatnią (+ ve) wartość, bez jednostek ujemnych (-ve). Jednak Farad jest wyjątkowo dużą jednostką miary, którą można stosować samodzielnie, więc ogólnie stosuje się podwielokrotności Farada, takie jak mikro-farady, nano-farady lub piko-farady. Standardowe jednostki pojemności Mikrofarad (μF) 1 μF = 1/1 000 000 = 0,000001 = 10-6 F. Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1 000 000 000 = 0,000000001 = 10–9 F Pikofarad (pF) 1 pF = 1 / 1,000,000,000,000 = 0,000000000001 = 10-12 F Korzystając z informacji powyżej, można zastosować prostą tabelę, aby pomóc w przeliczeniu piko-Farad (pF), nano-Farad (nF), mikro-Farad (μF) i Farady (F), jak wskazano poniżej. Kondensatory są kluczowym elementem w zestawach modeli z dynamicznymi modyfikacjami oświetlenia i dźwięku.

Tomato Soup Cooking your own tomato soup is easy and rewarding. There are many benefits from making your own tomato soup, such as, you know what ingredients have gone into it and the lack of additives, like colourants, stabilizers, and preservatives that are used in commercially produced products. ​ This is my recipe; it makes enough for 4 large meals for two people (we freeze unused). You can vary the ingredients to vary your own needs, likes, or dislikes, so, feel free to experiment. Recipe ​ 1000 grams of sweet tomatoes 3 x large carrots 3 x large onions 4 x sticks of celery 2 x whole garlics 6 x fresh mint leaves (or a tablespoon of dried mint) 1 Litre of vegetable stock (either you own, or I use 2 x Knorr vegetable stock pot (112g)) 2x tablespoons of Tomato Puree 20 grams Extra Virgin Olive Oil 8 grams granulated sugar 2g table salt 2g pepper

Memory (RAM) Memory (RAM) – RAM is short for ‘Random Access Memory’ and while it may sound enigmatic, RAM is one of the most important elements of computing. It is the super-fast and temporary data storage space that a computer needs to access right now or in the next few moments. DDR vs SDRAM ​ DDR (DDR1), DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5 are newer variations of the older SDRAM. SDRAM and DDR RAM are memory-integrated circuits used in computers. SDRAM is a generic name for many types of DRAM that synchronizes with the microprocessor’s (CPU) clock speed. ​ DRAM had an asynchronous interface; it responds as quickly as possible to changes in control inputs. Both SDRAM and DDR RAM have a synchronous interface, so it waits for a clock signal before responding to control inputs and is therefore synchronized with the computer’s system bus. ​ This allows the memory chip to have a more complex pattern of operation than an asynchronous DRAM. This is also why the speed of SDRAM and DDR RAM is rated in MHz rather than in nanoseconds (ns). ​ SDRAM usually refers to the first generation of synchronous DRAM, so is slower than succeeding generations of DDR because only one word of data is transmitted per clock cycle (single data rate). The second generation of synchronous DRAM memory chips was DDR (or DDR1). ​ DDR is short for Double Data Rate. It is a memory that uses both the rising and falling edge of the system clock that has the potential of doubling the speed of the memory. So, the chip reads or writes two words of data per clock cycle. The DDR interface achieves this by reading and writing data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal.

Electronic Circuits for Model Kits Out of gallery Budowa układów elektronicznych dla modeli nie jest skomplikowanym procesem, ale wskazana jest podstawowa wiedza. Wcześniejsze Ten zestaw to Revell Imperial Start Destroyer, a nie seria Technik, ponieważ uważam, że istnieją ograniczenia w systemach elektronicznych producentów. Wcześniejsze Zastosowane komponenty to: Rezystory Kondensator Dioda Tranzystor Zegar - 555

Programming Editing Software What is programming editing software? They are a computer program that edits plain text and called text editors. Text editing software is incorporated with operating systems and software development packages, they are used to write or modify configuration files, documentation files, and programming language source code. ​ Here are some of the programming editing programs I use: Vim is a highly configurable text editor built to create and change any kind of text very efficiently. It is included as ‘vi’ with most UNIX systems and Apple OS X. Vim is rock stable and is continuously being developed into a better text editor. ​ Features: Persistent, multi-level undo tree. Extensive plugin systems. Support for a myriad of programming languages and file formats. Powerful search and replace abilities. Integrates well with many tools. Notepad++ is a popular free-to-use code editor written in C++. It uses pure win32 API which offers a larger execution speed and small program size. It only runs in the MS Window's environment but uses a GPL License. ​ Features: This text editor supports syntax highlighting for languages like PHP, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Auto-completion: Word completion, Function completion. Macro recording and playback. User-defined Syntax highlighting and folding. Customizable GUI. Multi-view and Multi-Language support. Visual Studio Code is an open-source (Free) code editing software developed by Microsoft. This free text editor offers built-in support for TypeScript, JavaScript, and Node.js. It is autocompleted with IntelliSense features provides smart completions based on variable types, essential modules, and function definitions. ​ Platforms: Mac, Windows, Linux. ​ Features: Easy working with Git and other SCM (Software Configuration Management) providers. Code refactoring & debugging. Easily extensible and customizable. Brackets is a free lightweight tool developed by Adobe. It allows you to toggle between your source code and the browser view. ​ Platform: Mac, Windows, Linux ​ Features: Quick Edit UI feature puts context-specific code and tools inline. Offers live preview, pre-processor support, and inline editors. Pleasant-looking User Interface (UI). A specifically developed tool for macOS Comes with the inbuilt extension manager. Dreamweaver is an Adobe software editor that allows users to create, code, and manage dynamic websites easily. Users can build responsive websites that adapt to fit any screen size, whether it is on a computer or handheld device. You can preview your websites and edit in real-time to ensure your pages look and work the way you want before you publish. It provides access code hints so users can quickly learn and edit HTML, CSS, and other web standards, and it uses visual aids to reduce errors and speed up site development. I have been using Dreamweaver for countless years and have found it to be a reliable robust editor. But it is expensive and out of reach for many non-professional users.

Model Kit Photographs Photographs of some of my model kits. Some are complete, others, partway through the build. Out of gallery